Reading John Faye’s 2018 book, Australia’s First Spies, I was struck by the relative sophistication of Australia’s early intelligence efforts.
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I was also struck by the way that bureaucratic and political infighting tarnished that early promise.
Three intelligence networks were important in the first two decades after Federation. The first and least important was military intelligence.
In November 1901, British Major General Edward Hutton was appointed as the first General Officer Commanding the newly formed Australian Military Forces. Hutton, an experienced soldier who understood the importance of intelligence and the need for armies to study other armies, began building military intelligence.
On 1 July 1909, Hutton was replaced by Australian-born Major General John Hoad. Hoad was an ambitious man and an effective bureaucratic politician, but had little knowledge of, or interest in, military intelligence, and the function decayed.
The second intelligence network was the civilian network established by Atlee Hunt.
The third and by far the most effective Australian intelligence network was that founded by the newly formed Royal Australian Navy.
A lawyer, Hunt had been Edmond Barton’s private secretary in the period leading up to Federation. In May 1901, Barton appointed Hunt as secretary and permanent head of the Department of External Affairs to which, until 1909, the Prime Minister's Office was also attached.
Hunt immediately began to build an intelligence network using, among others, the overseas trade representatives appointed by the Australian colonies, now states.
It was Hunt who launched Australia’s first ever international spy mission in 1901 when Wilson Le Courtier was sent to the New Hebrides to spy on the competing French and British interests in that territory.
The third and by far the most effective Australian intelligence network was that founded by the newly formed Royal Australian Navy.
Today, we think of the successful invasion of German New Guinea in as the first successful action by the Royal Australian Navy.
That’s true at one level, but it’s not really correct. Arguably, the most important RAN success, one that had a significant effect on the outcome of World War I, was the breaking of the German maritime ciphers.
I will tell you this story in my next column.
Jim Belshaw’s email is ndarala@optusnet.com.au. He blogs at newenglandaustralia.blogspot.com.au (New England life) andnewenglandhistory.blogspot.com.au (New England history).
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